Mike,
I can't help with your fabric question, but I can answer these.
> Which will provide greater overall (and low/high) NR - a 2" panel spaced two inches away from a flat wall or a 4" panel sitting flush against a wall? <
By "NR" you mean absorption? In that case 4 inches thick is a little better than 2 + 2, but only a little.
> a 4" panel sitting flush or a 1-2" panel arranged with a spaced 1/4" plywood facing and optional back air gap? <
A wood panel bass trap is a specific device that must be built exactly as shown in those plans. If the goal is broadband absorption, rigid fiberglass is the better choice.
--Ethan